The pursuit of cost efficiency is an ongoing journey. Even after deployment, we must revisit systems to incrementally improve optimization. The key is continually questioning and diving deeper. Programming languages provide profiling tools to analyze code performance, and while these require setup and expertise, they enable granular analyses that can lead to changes that shave milliseconds. What may seem like small optimizations accumulate into large savings at scale.

In operations, most time is spent running existing systems. There are opportunities to profile resource usage and identify waste reduction. At Amazon, we continuously monitor services in production to understand patterns and trim inefficiencies. Frugality takes persistence – by incrementally reducing latencies and infrastructure costs, we can optimize the cost to serve.

There is always room for improvement… if we keep looking. The savings we reap today fund innovation for tomorrow.